Transitions

Biographer Michael Gorra notes that the novelist Henry James “lived in a world of second thoughts,” frequently tinkering with his novels and stories after their initial publication. However, the differences between the 1881 first edition and the 1908 edition of his novel A Portrait of a Lady are extreme, even by James’s standards; _______ some critics regard the two editions as two different novels altogether.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) by contrast,

B) in fact,

C) nevertheless,

D) in other words,

A) Incorrect – "By contrast" suggests a difference that isn’t relevant in this context.

B) Correct – "In fact" emphasizes the truth of the critics’ extreme view about the two editions.

C) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" suggests a contradiction, but this doesn’t fit here.

D) Incorrect – "In other words" implies a restatement, but the critics are adding new information, not rephrasing.

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. _______ in 1983, the bill passed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Instead, 

B) Likewise, 

C) Finally, 

D) Additionally,

Choice C is the best answer. “Finally” logically signals that the bill passing—following many attempts between 1968 and 1983—is the final, concluding event in the sequence described in the previous sentences.

Choice A is incorrect because “instead” illogically signals that the bill passing is an alternative to one of the events described in the previous sentences. It is the final event in the sequence. 

Choice B is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that the bill passing is similar to one of the events described in the previous sentences. Instead, it is the final event in the sequence. 

Choice D is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the bill passing is merely another event described along with the events from the previous sentences. Instead, it is the final, concluding event in the sequence.

Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano to be Earth’s largest shield volcano by volume, measuring approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. However, according to a 2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, Hawaii’s Pu‘uhonua shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic kilometers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Secondly, 

B) Consequently, 

C) Moreover, 

D) However,

Choice D is the best answer. “However” logically signals that this sentence, which indicates that the Pu‘uhonou volcano may be larger than the Mauna Loa volcano, offers a contrast to or refutation of the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano.

Choice A is incorrect because “secondly” illogically signals that this sentence merely offers an additional or secondary point concerning the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano. Instead, the sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption. 

Choice B is incorrect because “consequently” illogically signals that this sentence offers a result or consequence of the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano. Instead, the sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption. 

Choice C is incorrect because “moreover” illogically signals that this sentence merely adds to the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano. Instead, the sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. _______ he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical music compositions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In addition,

B) Actually, 

C) However, 

D) Regardless,

Choice A is the best answer. “In addition” logically signals that the detail in this sentence—that Coleridge-Taylor included traditional African music in his classical compositions—adds to the information in the previous sentence. Specifically, the previous sentence indicates one way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry, and the claim that follows indicates a second, additional way.

Choice B is incorrect because “actually” illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is surprising in light of the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. 

Choice C is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the detail in this sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. 

Choice D is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is true despite the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry.

In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašītu (“unwinding”), they found that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. __________ the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Therefore

B) Alternately

C) Nevertheless

D) Likewise

Choice A is the best answer. "Therefore" logically signals that the action described in this sentence—the researchers theorizing that the dish was named for its effect on diners—is a result or consequence of the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect.

Choice B is incorrect because “alternately” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence offers an alternative or contrast to the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, the action is a result or consequence of that observation.

Choice C is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence occurs despite the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, the action is a result or consequence of that observation. 

Choice D is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that this sentence merely adds a second, similar detail to the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, this sentence describes an action that is a result or consequence of that observation.

During a 2021 launch, Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut down suddenly after ignition. Instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Lab’s CEO publicly acknowledged what happened and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had consisted of two satellites

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Afterward,

B) Additionally,

C) Indeed,

D) Similarly,

Choice A is the best answer. “Afterward” logically signals that the events described in this sentence—the CEO’s public acknowledgment and apology—occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events.

Choice B is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the events described in this sentence merely occurred in addition to the rocket booster’s failure. They occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events. 

Choice C is incorrect because “indeed” logically signals that the events described in this sentence emphasize or strengthen a statement made in the previous sentence. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events. 

Choice D is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the events described in this sentence are similar to the rocket booster’s failure. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events.

When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. _______ contaminated soil can be divided via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Alternatively,

B) Specifically,

C) Generally,

D) As a result,

Choice A is the best answer. “Alternatively” logically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence—removing toxic metals from the soil via phytoremediation—offers an alternative to the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground).

Choice B is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence specifies or elaborates on an already described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. 

Choice C is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is an example of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation offers an alternative. 

Choice D is incorrect because “in addition” illogically suggests that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is in addition to removing the contaminated soil from the ground.

Celebrated Tewa potter Maria Martinez (1887–1980) made her signature all-black ceramic vessels using a heating technique called reduction firing. This technique involves smothering the flame surrounding the clay vessel. ________ the vessel takes on a shiny, black hue.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) On the contrary,

B) For example,

C) Previously,

D) As a result,

Choice D is the best answer. “As a result” logically signals that the information in this sentence—the vessel turning black—is a result of the heating technique discussed in the previous sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because “on the contrary” illogically signals that the information in this sentence directly opposes the heating technique in the previous sentence. Instead, the vessel turns black as a result of that technique.

Choice B is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is an example of the heating technique in the previous sentence. Instead, the vessel turns black as a result of that technique.

Choice C is incorrect because “previously” illogically signals that the information in this sentence occurs earlier in a chronological series of events than does the heating technique discussed in the first two sentences. Instead, the vessel turns black as a result of that technique.

Historians agree that the jazz pianist Jelly Roll Morton was exaggerating when he claimed to have invented jazz music. No one can deny, ________ that Morton’s innovative compositions and remarkable improvisational skills helped shape jazz as a genre during its early years.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) therefore,

B) in the second place,

C) in other words,

D) though,

Choice D is the best answer. “Though” logically signals that the claim in the sentence—that Morton’s improvisational skills helped shape jazz as a genre during its early years— is true despite the previous discussion about Morton’s exaggerated claim to have invented jazz.

Choice A is incorrect because “therefore” illogically signals that the claim in the sentence is a direct result of the previous information about Morton’s claim to have invented jazz. Instead, the sentence states that Morton helped to shape jazz.

Choice B is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the claim in the sentence is a paraphrase or restatement of the previous information. Instead, the text discusses Morton’s claim to have invented jazz.

Choice C is incorrect because “in the second place” illogically signals that the claim in the sentence is a second point, rather than supporting Morton’s skills in shaping jazz.

According to Duverger’s law, countries with single-ballot majoritarian elections for single-member districts tend to polarize into two-party systems, wherein dueling political parties consistently dominate the political system. Countries with proportional-representation electoral systems tend to support multi-partyism, under which power gets distributed among many political parties.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Subsequently,

B) Conversely,

C) For instance,

D) In other words,

Choice B is the best answer. “Conversely” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that countries with proportional-representation electoral systems tend toward multi-partism—contrasts with the previous information about countries with single-ballot majoritarian elections, which tend to have two-party systems.

Choice A is incorrect because “subsequently” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about countries with proportional-representation electoral systems occurs later in a chronological sequence of events than the information in the previous sentence. Instead, it contrasts with the previous information.

Choice C is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about countries with proportional-representation electoral systems is an example supporting the previous statement about single-ballot majoritarian elections.

Choice D is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a paraphrase or restatement of the previous statement, rather than the contrast between the two electoral systems.

A turtle shell appears external to the animal, protecting its body like armor. ______ the shell is often incorrectly assumed to be an exoskeleton, a rigid outer casing like that of a crustacean or an insect, when in fact it is an endoskeleton, a part of the turtle’s internal bone structure, more akin to a spine or a pair of ribs.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) That being said,

B) However,

C) For instance,

D) Hence,

Choice D is the best answer. “Hence” logically signals that the information in this sentence about turtle shells—that people incorrectly assume they are exoskeletons—is a consequence of the shells appearing external to the animal.

Choice A is incorrect because “that being said” illogically signals that this sentence qualifies or contrasts with the previous information about turtle shells appearing external to the animal. Instead, it presents a consequence of that information.

Choice B is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that this sentence contrasts with the previous information about turtle shells appearing external to the animal. Instead, it presents a consequence of that information.

Choice C is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that this sentence provides an example supporting the previous information about turtle shells appearing external to the animal. Instead, it presents a consequence of that information.

In 1949, Frank Zamboni developed an ice rink resurfacing machine. As Zamboni’s machine moved along the rink’s surface, it first scraped off the top layer of ice. _______ it sprayed water into the deep grooves left behind by customers’ skates. Lastly, it smoothed over the newly formed ice.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) For example,

B) Next,

C) Similarly,

D) In contrast,

Choice B is the best answer. "Next" logically signals that the action in this sentence—the water spraying—is the next step in the resurfacing process, following the ice scraping mentioned in the previous sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because "for example" illogically signals that the action in this sentence is an example of the action in the previous sentence. Instead, the water spraying is the next step in a process that begins with the ice scraping.

Choice C is incorrect because "similarly" illogically signals that the action in this sentence is similar to the action in the previous sentence. Instead, the water spraying is the next step in a process that begins with the ice scraping.

Choice D is incorrect because "in contrast" illogically signals that the action in this sentence contrasts with the action in the previous sentence. Instead, the water spraying is the next step in a process that begins with the ice scraping.

In 2014, Nestor Gomez won his first-ever storytelling competition, relating a tale about his life as a Guatemalan immigrant living in Chicago. _______ in 2017, Gomez created the show 80 Minutes Around the World as a platform for others to share stories about their immigration experiences.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Instead,

B) For example,

C) Later,

D) In other words,

Choice C is the best answer. "Later" logically signals that the information in the sentence—that in 2017 Gomez created a platform for others to share stories about their immigration experiences—occurs later in a chronological series of events than the previous information about Gomez winning his first storytelling competition in 2014.

Choice A is incorrect because "instead" illogically signals that Gomez created a platform for others to share stories about their immigration experiences as an alternative to winning his first storytelling competition. Rather, Gomez created the platform later—in a chronological series of events—than when he won the competition.

Choice B is incorrect because "for example" illogically signals that the information about Gomez creating a platform for others to share stories exemplifies him winning his first storytelling competition. Rather, Gomez created the platform later—in a chronological series of events—than when he won the competition.

Choice D is incorrect because "in other words" illogically signals that the information about Gomez creating a platform for others to share stories is a restatement or explanation of the previous information about him winning his first storytelling competition. Rather, Gomez created the platform later—in a chronological series of events—than when he won the competition.

To guarantee the validity of experimental results, scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement. _______ metrologists (scientists who study measurement) developed the SI, or International System of Units. The SI’s units of measurement are based on unchanging values in nature, such as the mass of an electron or the speed of light.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In contrast,

B) Regardless,

C) In addition,

D) For this reason,

Choice D is the best answer. "For this reason" logically signals that the information that follows—that metrologists developed the SI based on unchanging values in nature—is a result of the previous claim that scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement to guarantee the validity of experimental results.

Choice A is incorrect because "in contrast" illogically signals that the information that follows contrasts with the previous claim that scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement. Instead, the information that metrologists developed the SI based on unchanging values in nature is a result of that claim.

Choice B is incorrect because "regardless" illogically signals that the information that follows disregards the previous claim that scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement. Instead, the information that metrologists developed the SI based on unchanging values in nature is a result of that claim.

Choice C is incorrect because "in addition" illogically signals that the information that follows is merely an additional fact related to the previous claim that scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement, when it is actually a result of that claim.

In retrospect, one of the lessons of the 2003 Human Genome Project is that a gene is affected by many factors, not the least of which is its interactions with the protein products of other genes. _______ rather than just focusing on the human genome, efforts to better understand gene mutations related to disease have begun to consider the human proteome, the complete set of proteins expressed by human genes.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In other words,

B) That said,

C) For example,

D) Accordingly,

Choice D is the best answer. "Accordingly" logically signals that this sentence states a result or consequence of the previous information about the 2003 Human Genome Project. Taking into account an important lesson of the 2003 project (that a gene is affected by interactions with the protein products of other genes), research has begun to consider the human proteome instead of just the genome.

Choice A is incorrect because "in other words" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a paraphrase or restatement of the previous information about the 2003 Human Genome Project. Instead, this sentence states a result or consequence of that information.

Choice B is incorrect because "that said" illogically signals that the information in this sentence qualifies or contrasts with the previous information about the 2003 Human Genome Project. Instead, this sentence states a result or consequence of that information.

Choice C is incorrect because "for example" illogically signals that this sentence provides an example supporting the previous information about the 2003 Human Genome Project. Instead, this sentence states a result or consequence of that information.

In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France’s modernist masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter. ________ Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Still,

B) Therefore,

C) Indeed,

D) Furthermore,

Choice A is the best answer. "Still" logically signals that the information about Sher-Gil in this sentence—that she longed to leave Paris and return to India—contrasts with what one would expect after reading about Sher-Gil’s experiences in Paris.

Choice B is incorrect because “therefore” illogically signals that the information about Sher-Gil in this sentence merely adds to the previous information about her.

Choice C is incorrect because "indeed" illogically signals that the information about Sher-Gil in this sentence offers additional emphasis in support of the descriptions in the previous sentences.

Choice D is incorrect because “furthermore” illogically signals that the information about Sher-Gil in this sentence merely adds additional support to the previous descriptions of Sher-Gil’s experiences.

The liquid metals in Earth’s core circulate constantly, and this circulation generates electrical currents that flow between Earth’s North and South magnetic poles. These electrical currents, _______ create a barrier around Earth that protects us from radiation and charged particles coming from space.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in turn,

B) likewise,

C) nevertheless,

D) in reality,

A) Correct – "In turn" logically shows that the creation of the protective barrier is a consequence of the electrical currents.

B) Incorrect – "Likewise" suggests similarity, which doesn’t fit the cause-and-effect relationship.

C) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" suggests a contradiction, but this isn’t the case.

D) Incorrect – "In reality" doesn’t reflect the causal relationship appropriately.

After appropriate permissions are granted, a typical archaeological dig begins with a surveyor making a detailed grid of the excavation site. Then, the site is carefully dug, and any artifacts found are recorded and mapped onto the site grid. _______ the artifacts are removed, cataloged, and analyzed in a laboratory.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) For instance,

B) On the contrary,

C) Earlier,

D) Finally,

A) Incorrect – "For instance" is used to provide examples, but this is a sequence of steps, not an example.

B) Incorrect – "On the contrary" implies a contrast, which is not logical here.

C) Incorrect – "Earlier" suggests an action happening before, which doesn’t fit the context.

D) Correct – "Finally" logically indicates the last step in a sequence of actions.

In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, _______ that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from multiple scholars working in parallel.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) however,

B) then,

C) moreover,

D) for example,

A) Incorrect – "However" implies contrast, but the sentence is logically continuing the idea that the independent discoveries were expected.

B) Correct – "Then" logically follows from the previous idea, suggesting that Darwin and Wallace arriving independently was a natural progression.

C) Incorrect – "Moreover" would indicate an addition, but this isn't adding information; it's continuing a logical flow.

D) Incorrect – "For example" doesn't fit here because it's not providing an example but rather a logical conclusion.

The Inca of South America used intricately knotted string devices called quipus to record countable information, like population data and payments. _______ they may have used quipus to record more complex information, like stories and myths, according to researchers.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) As a result,

B) In other words,

C) In addition,

D) For example,

A) Incorrect – "As a result" would imply that the second part is a consequence of the first, but it's more of an addition.

B) Incorrect – "In other words" would suggest a restatement, but the second idea is an additional possibility, not a rephrasing.

C) Correct – "In addition" logically introduces the idea that the Inca may have used quipus for more complex information, which adds to the previous point.

D) Incorrect – "For example" would imply the second part is a specific instance, but it introduces a broader possibility rather than a single example.

Working together with the Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, Dr. Lani Tsinnajinnie analyzed data about snowpack levels in the Chuska Mountains. She found that the snowpack (the amount of snow on the ground) was deepest in early March at lower elevations. At higher elevations, _______ the snowpack was deepest in mid-March.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in other words,

B) for instance,

C) on the other hand,

D) in summary,

A) Incorrect – "In other words" would suggest a restatement of the previous idea, but the snowpack patterns at higher and lower elevations contrast.

B) Incorrect – "For instance" would suggest the second part is an example of the first, but they contrast instead.

C) Correct – "On the other hand" logically signals a contrast between the snowpack conditions at lower and higher elevations.

D) Incorrect – "In summary" implies a conclusion, which doesn’t fit the need to highlight a contrasting point.

Before it unveiled a massive new gallery in 2009, the Art Institute of Chicago was only able to display about 5% of its art collection. _______ the museum is able to display close to 30% of its collection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Additionally,

B) For example,

C) Nevertheless,

D) Today,

A) Incorrect – "Additionally" illogically suggests that the current situation (displaying 30%) is an addition to the previous one, instead of signaling the present state.

B) Incorrect – "For example" would imply that the 30% display is an example of a previous situation, which doesn't fit logically.

C) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" would imply a contrast between the previous and current situations, but no such contrast is needed here.

D) Correct – "Today" logically connects the unveiling of the new gallery with the current ability to display 30% of the collection, indicating a present condition.

In the search for extraterrestrial life, astrobiologists Stuart Bartlett and Michael L. Wong propose that scientists avoid using the term “life.” _______ researchers should use another word: “lyfe.” This new term, they argue, could be used to draw distinctions between the known characteristics of life on Earth and the potentially differing characteristics of lyfe on other planets.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Previously,

B) Regardless,

C) There,

D) Instead,

A) Incorrect – "Previously" suggests the idea occurred before the previous sentence, but this is about an alternative suggestion, not a prior event.

B) Incorrect – "Regardless" implies that the new idea is contrary to the previous one, but that’s not the intended relationship.

C) Incorrect – "There" doesn’t logically signal the transition needed between the two ideas.

D) Correct – "Instead" indicates that the idea of using "lyfe" is an alternative to the prior suggestion of using the word "life."

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African, ________ he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical music compositions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In addition,

B) Actually,

C) However,

D) Regardless,

Choice A is the best answer. "In addition" logically signals that the detail in this sentence—that Coleridge-Taylor included traditional African music in his classical compositions—adds to the information in the previous sentence. Specifically, the previous sentence indicates one way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry, and the claim that follows indicates a second, additional way.

Choice B is incorrect because "actually" illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is surprising in light of the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry.

Choice C is incorrect because "however" illogically signals that the detail in this sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry.

Choice D is incorrect because "regardless" illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is true despite the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry.

Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, ________ lose their needles every fall.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. for instance,

B. nevertheless,

C. meanwhile,

D. in addition,

Choice A is the best answer. "For instance" logically signals that the information in this sentence—that larch trees lose their needles every fall—is an example supporting the claim in the previous sentence (that not all conifer species keep their leaves or needles year-round).

Choice B is incorrect because "nevertheless" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is true in spite of the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s an example supporting that claim.

Choice C is incorrect because "meanwhile" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is separate from (while occurring simultaneously with) the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s an example supporting that claim.

Choice D is incorrect because "in addition" illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is merely an additional fact related to the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s an example supporting that claim.

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ________ in 1983, the bill passed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Instead,

B) Likewise,

C) Finally,

D) Additionally

Choice C is the best answer. "Finally" logically signals that the bill passing—following many attempts between 1968 and 1983—is the final, concluding event in the sequence described in the previous sentences.

Choice A is incorrect because "instead" illogically signals that the bill passing is an alternative to one of the events described in the previous sentences.

Choice B is incorrect because "likewise" illogically signals that the bill passing is similar to one of the events described in the previous sentences; it is the final event in the sequence.

Choice D is incorrect because "additionally" illogically signals that the bill passing is merely another event described along with the events in the previous sentences. Instead, it is the final, concluding event in the sequence.

Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of finding gold nuggets in streambeds, the state’s richest deposits were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual prospectors. By 1852, many had given up their fortune-hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the large companies capable of managing California’s complex mining operations.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Furthermore,

B) Still,

C) Consequently,

D) Next,

Choice C is the best answer. "Consequently" logically signals that the information in this sentence—that many individual gold prospectors gave up their fortune-hunting dreams and became employees of mining companies—is a result or consequence of the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits.

Choice A is incorrect because “furthermore” illogically signals that the information in this sentence merely adds to the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits.

Choice B is incorrect because “still” illogically signals that the information in this sentence offers a contrast or exception to the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits.

Choice D is incorrect because “next” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is the next step in a process. Instead, it’s a result or consequence of the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits.

In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how natural landscapes influence human cultures. ________ Sauer argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development by virtue of their interactions with the environment.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) Finally,

C) Therefore,

D) Specifically,

Choice D is the best answer. “Specifically” logically signals that the information in this sentence about Sauer’s argument—that, according to Sauer, cultures play a role in their own development, as opposed to being shaped solely by natural surroundings—provides specific, precise details elaborating on the more general information in the previous sentence about Sauer’s challenge to prevailing views.
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Choice A is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about Sauer’s argument is similar to, but separate from, the more general information in the previous sentence.

Choice B is incorrect because “finally” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about Sauer’s argument indicates a last step in a process or a concluding summary. Instead, it provides specific, precise details elaborating on the general information in the previous sentence.

Choice C is incorrect because “therefore” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about Sauer’s argument is a result of the more general information in the previous sentence. Instead, it provides specific, precise details elaborating on that information.

One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of those who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ________ the debate was ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic young senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching on the new medium of television.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In other words,

B) Therefore,

C) Likewise,

D) Nevertheless,

Choice D is the best answer. "Nevertheless" logically signals that the claim in this sentence—that the telegenic Kennedy was ultimately considered the winner despite the previous information about the poll of radio listeners—is true despite the previous information about the poll of radio listeners.

Choice A is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is a rephrasing of the previous information about the poll of radio listeners.

Choice B is incorrect because “therefore” illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is a result of the previous information about the poll of radio listeners.

Choice C is incorrect because "likewise" illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is similar to the previous information about the poll of radio listeners.

When, in the 1800s, geologists first realized that much of Earth had once been covered by great sheets of ice, some theorized that the phenomenon was cyclical, occurring at regular intervals. Each Ice Age is so destructive, though, that it largely erases the geological evidence of its predecessor.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Hence,

B) Moreover,

C) Nevertheless,

D) Next,

Choice A is the best answer. "Hence" logically signals that the information in this sentence—that geologists couldn’t confirm the theory of cyclical Ice Ages until the 1960s—is a consequence of the previous information about the destructiveness of each Ice Age and the erasure of necessary geological evidence.

Choice B is incorrect because "moreover" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is merely additional to the previous information about the destructiveness of each Ice Age. Instead, the sentence identifies a specific consequence of that information.

Choice C is incorrect because "nevertheless" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is true despite the previous information about the destructiveness of each Ice Age. Instead, the sentence identifies a specific consequence of that information.

Choice D is incorrect because "next" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is the next step in a process. Instead, the sentence identifies a specific consequence of the previous information.

Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye movement indicated the number one).____ she attached electrodes to the volunteers' faces to record their eye movements during sleep.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Specifically,

B) Next,

C) For instance,

D) In sum,

Choice B is the best answer. “Next” logically signals that the action described in this sentence—Konkoly recording participants’ eye movements—is the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.

Choice A is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that this sentence specifies or elaborates on an aspect of the action described in the previous sentence. Instead, it describes the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.

Choice C is incorrect because “for instance” logically signals that the action described in this sentence is an example of the action described in the previous sentence. Instead, it is the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.

Choice D is incorrect because “in sum” illogically signals that this sentence summarizes or concludes the action described in the previous sentence. Instead, it describes the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.

Archaeologist Sue Bruning explains why the seventh-century ship burial site at Sutton Hoo in England was likely the tomb of a king. First, the gold artifacts inside the ship suggest that the person buried with them was a wealthy and respected leader. ________ the massive effort required to bury the ship would likely only have been undertaken for a king.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Instead,

B) Still,

C) Specifically,

D) Second,

Choice D is the best answer. “Second” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that the effort to bury the ship would likely only have been made for a king—joins the information in the previous sentence (“first...”) in supporting Brunning’s claim that the burial site was likely the tomb of a king.

Choice A is incorrect because “instead” logically signals that the information in this sentence presents an alternative or substitute to the previous information about the gold artifacts inside the ship. Rather, this sentence presents a second piece of information that supports Brunning’s claim.

Choice B is incorrect because “still” illogically signals that the information in this sentence exists in contrast to or despite the previous information about the gold artifacts inside the ship. Instead, this sentence presents a second piece of information that supports Brunning’s claim.

Choice C is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the information in this sentence specifies or elaborates on the previous information about the gold artifacts inside the ship. Instead, this sentence presents a second piece of information that supports Brunning’s claim.

Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. Upon analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of Rome's National Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the compound sodium carbonate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Regardless,

B) Meanwhile,

C) Thus,

D) In comparison,

Choice C is the best answer. “Thus” logically signals that the action described in this sentence—the researcher being able to determine the chemical makeup of the planet’s bright regions based on how they reflect light—is a result or consequence of the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints.

Choice A is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence occurs despite the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a result or consequence of that information.

Choice B is incorrect because “meanwhile” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence either occurs at the same time as or offers an alternative to the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a result or consequence of that information.

Choice D is incorrect because “in comparison” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence is being compared with the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a result or consequence of that information.

When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history. __________ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars, making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) As a result,

B) Previously,

C) However,

D) Likewise,

Choice B is the best answer. "Previously" logically signals that the event described in this sentence—Bigelow being named best director—occurred before Zhao’s win. The fact that only one other woman had won the award before puts Zhao’s win in perspective.

Choice A is incorrect because "as a result" illogically signals that the event in this sentence occurred as a result or consequence of Zhao's win. Instead, it provides context for Zhao’s win.

Choice C is incorrect because "however" illogically signals that the event described in this sentence occurred in spite of or in contrast to Zhao’s win.

Choice D is incorrect because "likewise" illogically signals that the event described in this sentence was the same as Zhao’s win. Instead, the event described happened before Zhao's win.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. __________ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. __________ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Meanwhile

B) Nevertheless

C) Secondly

D) In fact

Choice A is the best answer. “Meanwhile” logically signals that the action described in this sentence (Obinze’s move to London to pursue a career) is simultaneous with the action described in the previous sentence (Ifemelu’s move to the United States). The first sentence establishes that the actions take place around the same time, referring to the characters’ “divergent experiences” following high school.Choice A is the best answer. “Meanwhile” logically signals that the action described in this sentence (Obinze’s move to London to pursue a career) is simultaneous with the action described in the previous sentence (Ifemelu’s move to the United States). The first sentence establishes that the actions take place around the same time, referring to the characters’ “divergent experiences” following high school.

Choice B is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about Obinze’s move to London is true despite the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States. Instead, as the first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that occur around the same time.

Choice C is incorrect because “secondly” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a second point or reason separate from the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States. Instead, as the first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that occur around the same time.

Choice D is incorrect because “in fact” illogically signals that the information in this sentence emphasizes, modifies, or contradicts the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States. Instead, as the first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that occur around the same time.

Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while mathematicians may have traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite direction. __________ mathematicians are choosing to collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a rise in the number of mathematics publications credited to multiple authors.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) For this reason,

C) Furthermore,

D) Increasingly,

Choice D is the best answer. "Increasingly" logically signals that the claim in this sentence—that mathematicians are collaborating with their peers—marks a change relative to what was traditionally done. As the previous sentence explains, while mathematicians may have traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite direction. The claim describes the shift: a rise in collaboration.

Choice A is incorrect because "similarly" illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is similar to, but separate from, the previous claim about the shift away from mathematicians working alone. Instead, the claim about the rise in collaboration elaborates on the previous claim, describing the shift.

Choice B is incorrect because "for this reason" illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is caused by the previous claim about the shift away from mathematicians working alone. Instead, the claim about the rise in collaboration elaborates on the previous claim, describing the shift.

Choice C is incorrect because "furthermore" illogically signals that the claim in this sentence is in addition to the previous claim about the shift away from mathematicians working alone. Instead, the claim about the rise in collaboration elaborates on the previous claim, describing the shift.

When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. __________ contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Alternatively,

B) Specifically,

C) For example,

D) As a result,

Choice A is the best answer. "Alternatively" logically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence—removing toxic metals from the soil via phytoremediation—offers an alternative to the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground).

Choice B is incorrect because "specifically" illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence specifies or elaborates on an aspect of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation offers an alternative to that method.

Choice C is incorrect because "for example" illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is an example of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation offers an alternative to that method.

Choice D is incorrect because "as a result" illogically signals that the event in this sentence occurred as a result or consequence of the previously described method. Instead, it provides an alternative.

Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Women’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. ______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Women’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. ______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) For example

B) To conclude

C) Similarly

D) In other words

Choice C is the best answer. “Similarly” logically signals that the activity described in this sentence (Nancy Tuttle Craig distributing Votes for Women Tea in her Los Angeles grocery stores) is like the activity described in the previous sentence (the Woman’s Suffrage Party selling Equality Tea at fairs in San Francisco). Together, the two examples support the preceding claim that “activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage.”Choice C is the best answer. “Similarly” logically signals that the activity described in this sentence (Nancy Tuttle Craig distributing Votes for Women Tea in her Los Angeles grocery stores) is like the activity described in the previous sentence (the Woman’s Suffrage Party selling Equality Tea at fairs in San Francisco). Together, the two examples support the preceding claim that “activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage.”

Choice A is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the activity described in this sentence exemplifies the activity described in the previous sentence, but the activities are similar, not examples.

Choice B is incorrect because “to conclude” illogically signals that the activity described in this sentence concludes or summarizes the information in the previous sentences.

Choice D is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals a rephrasing of the previous sentence, but the activities are similar, not a rephrasing.

Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, _______ lose their needles every fall.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) for instance,

B) nevertheless,

C) meanwhile,

D) in addition,

A) Correct – "For instance" correctly introduces larch trees as an example of a non-evergreen conifer.

B) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" suggests contrast, but the sentence is providing an example, not a contradiction.

C) Incorrect – "Meanwhile" suggests simultaneous events, which does not fit here.

D) Incorrect – "In addition" suggests extra information, but the sentence is providing an example instead.

The Alaska Native Language Archive (ANLA) is known for its impressive audio collection. _______ the ANLA has more than 5,000 audio recordings of Native Alaskan languages dating as far back as 1943.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In fact,

B) After,

C) Regardless,

D) Instead,

A) Correct – “In fact” logically signals that the information about the 5,000 recordings reinforces the initial claim about ANLA’s impressive collection.

B) Incorrect – “After” implies a temporal sequence that does not apply here.

C) Incorrect – “Regardless” implies a contrast or exception, which is not the case.

D) Incorrect – “Instead” suggests an alternative, which is not supported by the context.

In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France’s modernist masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter. _______ Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Still,

B) Therefore,

C) Indeed,

D) Furthermore,

A) Correct – "Still" effectively contrasts Sher-Gil's promising career in Paris with her longing to return home.

B) Incorrect – "Therefore" implies causation, which does not fit the sentence.

C) Incorrect – "Indeed" suggests reinforcement, not contrast.

D) Incorrect – "Furthermore" adds information rather than showing contrast.

Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. _______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) For example,

B) To conclude,

C) Similarly,

D) In other words,

A) Incorrect – “For example” suggests the second sentence is a specific case of the first, but both are parallel examples.

B) Incorrect – “To conclude” does not fit because the passage is not concluding a point.

C) Correct – “Similarly” correctly connects two parallel actions in different locations.

D) Incorrect – “In other words” suggests paraphrasing, which is not the case here.

Guard cells are specialized cells that are part of a plant’s pores. These cells help regulate the amount of carbon dioxide a plant takes in. _______ they help regulate a plant’s water loss.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Additionally,

B) Previously,

C) In conclusion,

D) Instead,

A) Correct – “Additionally,” appropriately signals that regulating water loss is another function of guard cells, adding to their role in regulating carbon dioxide intake.

B) Incorrect – “Previously,” implies a time sequence that does not fit the context.

C) Incorrect – “In conclusion,” suggests a summary or final point, which does not match the sentence’s purpose of adding information.

D) Incorrect – “Instead,” suggests an alternative function replacing the earlier function, which is not the case here.

Famous for its four-degree tilt, the leaning Garisenda Tower is a popular attraction in Bologna’s city center. However, measurements taken in 2023 showed that the tower was rotating in a concerning way. _______ city officials closed the area around the tower so experts could explore solutions to stabilize the historical twelfth-century structure.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) As a result,

C) For example,

D) In comparison,

A) Incorrect – “Similarly” suggests that the action of closing the tower area is similar to the discovery of the tower’s concerning rotation, which is illogical.

B) Correct – “As a result” appropriately conveys that the closing of the area was a direct consequence of the measurements showing concerning rotation.

C) Incorrect – “For example” suggests that closing the tower area is an example of the tower’s rotation, which does not make sense.

D) Incorrect – “In comparison” implies that closing the area is being compared to the discovery of the concerning rotation, which is not the intended relationship.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Meanwhile,

B) Nevertheless,

C) Secondly,

D) In fact,

A) Correct – "Meanwhile" appropriately shows two simultaneous but separate events.

B) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" implies contrast that does not exist.

C) Incorrect – "Secondly" suggests a list, which does not fit.

D) Incorrect – "In fact" implies emphasis rather than sequence.

Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). _______ she attached electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to record their eye movements during sleep.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Specifically,

B) Next,

C) For instance,

D) In sum,

A) Incorrect – "Specifically" introduces details, but the sentence describes the next step in the process.

B) Correct – "Next" correctly signals the next step in the experiment.

C) Incorrect – "For instance" introduces examples, not sequential steps.

D) Incorrect – "In sum" suggests a conclusion, which does not fit here.

Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court’s oral arguments, concerned that the participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). _______ the justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) However,

B) Additionally,

C) In comparison,

D) For example,

A) Incorrect – "However" suggests contrast, but the second sentence expands on the first concern rather than opposing it.

B) Correct – "Additionally" properly adds another reason the justices resist televising arguments.

C) Incorrect – "In comparison" implies a contrast between two things, which does not fit the sentence.

D) Incorrect – "For example" introduces a specific instance, but the sentence does not provide an example.

In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how natural landscapes influence human cultures. _______ Sauer argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development by virtue of their interactions with the environment.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) Finally,

C) Therefore,

D) Specifically,

A) Incorrect – "Similarly" suggests a comparison, but the sentence is providing a clarification of Sauer’s argument.

B) Incorrect – "Finally" implies a conclusion, which does not fit.

C) Incorrect – "Therefore" introduces a result, but the sentence is introducing Sauer’s perspective.

D) Correct – "Specifically" correctly clarifies Sauer’s argument about cultural development.

Earth’s auroras—colorful displays of light seen above the northern and southern poles—result, broadly speaking, from the Sun’s activity. _______ the Sun releases charged particles that are captured by Earth’s magnetic field and channeled toward the poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing the atoms to emit auroral light.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Specifically,

B) Similarly,

C) Nevertheless,

D) Hence,

A) Correct – “Specifically” introduces a more detailed explanation of the aurora’s formation.

B) Incorrect – “Similarly” does not fit because no comparison is being made.

C) Incorrect – “Nevertheless” contradicts the previous statement, which is incorrect.

D) Incorrect – “Hence” suggests a conclusion, which is unnecessary here.

In 1974, Mexican chemist Mario Molina and US chemist F. Sherwood Rowland discovered that chemicals called CFCs were harmful to the ozone layer. Their research was extremely influential in the fight against CFCs. _______ it laid the foundation for a 1987 treaty that phased out the use of CFCs across the globe.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Regardless,

B) Specifically,

C) However,

D) Earlier,

A) Incorrect – "Regardless" implies opposition, which does not fit.

B) Correct – "Specifically" clarifies the impact of their research.

C) Incorrect – "However" introduces contrast, which is not relevant here.

D) Incorrect – "Earlier" does not logically connect the ideas.

Organisms have evolved a number of surprising adaptations to ensure their survival in adverse conditions. Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) embryos, ______ can pause development for over ten years during extended periods of drought.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in contrast,

B) for example,

C) meanwhile,

D) consequently,

A) Incorrect – "In contrast" implies a contradiction, but no contrasting idea is present.

B) Correct – "For example" correctly introduces tadpole shrimp as an example of organisms adapting to adverse conditions.

C) Incorrect – "Meanwhile" suggests simultaneous events, which does not fit.

D) Incorrect – "Consequently" suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, which is not the focus here.

Etched into Peru’s Nazca Desert are line drawings so large that they can only be fully seen from high above. Archaeologists have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted some from a nearby foothill, and they have been studying the markings ever since. ______ archaeologists’ efforts are aided by drones that capture high-resolution aerial photographs of the lines.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Currently,

B) In comparison,

C) Still,

D) However,

A) Correct – “Currently” appropriately indicates that the use of drones is a present-day development that continues the ongoing research mentioned earlier.

B) Incorrect – “In comparison” would indicate a contrast that isn’t present.

C) Incorrect – “Still” suggests a contrast or unexpected persistence, which does not match the context.

D) Incorrect – “However” signals a contrast or exception, which is not the intended meaning.

In 2021, a model developed by astrophysicist Catherine Zucker and her research team revealed that the same supernovas responsible for the creation and ongoing expansion of the Local Bubble—a 14-million-year-old cavity in the Milky Way—are likely responsible for the formation of new stars. _______ this model detailed how the bubble’s expansion trapped interstellar clouds of gas and dust that became stars upon their eventual collapse.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Hence,

B) However,

C) Admittedly,

D) Specifically,

A) Incorrect – “Hence” suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, but this sentence is elaborating on a general claim rather than stating a consequence.

B) Incorrect – “However” suggests contrast, but the sentence is adding details rather than presenting opposing information.

C) Incorrect – “Admittedly” introduces a concession, but no conflicting information is being presented.

D) Correct – “Specifically” appropriately signals that the sentence is giving more precise details about the general claim in the previous sentence.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
• She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
• Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
• When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.

The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as its primary medium of expression.

B) Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.

C) The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.

D) In Unwoven Light, 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively describes Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Park, noting that Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist and that the 2013 work consists of colorful prisms formed by light passing through iridescent tiles.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes aspects of Unwoven Light but doesn’t mention who Park is; it thus doesn’t effectively describe the work to an audience unfamiliar with Park.

Choice B is incorrect. Although the sentence indicates when the work was created and who Park is, it lacks descriptive details and thus doesn’t effectively describe Unwoven Light.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence mentions Park and describes an aspect of Unwoven Light—the chain-link fence—but doesn’t effectively describe the overall

With his room-sized installation Unicorn/My Private Sky, Norwegian artist Børre Sæthre succeeds in creating a whimsical yet perplexing experience. _______ when visitors set foot inside the fantastically blue room and encounter the life-sized stuffed unicorn preening at the far end of it, they are both dazzled and confused—as if stepping into a strange and enchanting new world.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Second,

B) Instead,

C) Indeed,

D) Nevertheless,

A) Incorrect – "Second" suggests a list, which does not apply here.

B) Incorrect – "Instead" implies contrast, which does not fit.

C) Correct – "Indeed" reinforces the impact of the artwork.

D) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" suggests contradiction, which is not present.

At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization period begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or hear. Domesticated dogs, _______ can see, hear, and smell by the end of two weeks. This relative lack of sensory input may help explain why wolves behave so differently around humans than dogs do: from a very young age, wolves are more wary and less exploratory.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in other words,

B) for instance,

C) by contrast,

D) accordingly,

A) Incorrect – “In other words” implies a rephrasing or clarification, not a contrast.

B) Incorrect – “For instance” signals an example rather than a comparison of differences.

C) Correct – “By contrast” clearly marks the difference in sensory development between wolves and dogs, which supports the explanation of their differing behaviors.

D) Incorrect – “Accordingly” implies a consequence, not a contrasting statement.

The more diverse and wide-ranging an animal’s behaviors, the larger and more energy-demanding the animal’s brain tends to be. ______ from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to growing and maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within colonies provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Subsequently,

B) Besides,

C) Nevertheless,

D) Thus,

A) Incorrect – "Subsequently" implies a time-based sequence, which is not the intended meaning.

B) Incorrect – "Besides" suggests an additional, unrelated point, which does not fit.

C) Incorrect – "Nevertheless" signals contrast, but the second sentence logically follows from the first.

D) Correct – "Thus" correctly indicates a logical conclusion based on the first sentence.

Following the American Revolutionary War, North American foodways underwent a radical transformation, fueled in large part by spiking consumer demand for certain grains. The cultivation, trade, and transportation of maize and wheat, _______ reconfigured the continent’s existing regional foodways into a globally oriented food system.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in particular,

B) alternatively,

C) by comparison,

D) second of all,

A) Correct – “In particular” appropriately highlights that maize and wheat played a key role in the transformation described in the previous sentence.

B) Incorrect – “Alternatively” suggests an alternative option, but the sentence is providing a specific example, not an alternative.

C) Incorrect – “By comparison” suggests a comparison, but the sentence is elaborating on the previous statement rather than contrasting or comparing ideas.

D) Incorrect – “Second of all” suggests a separate, sequential point, but the sentence is a continuation of the transformation mentioned earlier, not a second independent claim.

In her 2012 analysis of tree rings from Japan’s Yaku Island, cosmic ray physicist Fusa Miyake noted an anomalous carbon-14 spike dating to 774–775 CE, indicating that a massive burst of radiation reached Earth during that time. _______ this unprecedented radiocarbon surge was dubbed a “Miyake event” in honor of its discoverer.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Fittingly,

B) Similarly,

C) However,

D) In other words,

A) Correct – "Fittingly" correctly emphasizes the appropriateness of naming the event after Miyake.

B) Incorrect – "Similarly" implies a comparison, which is not relevant here.

C) Incorrect – "However" suggests contrast, which does not fit.

D) Incorrect – "In other words" suggests a paraphrase, but the sentence is not re-explaining the previous idea.

When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history. _______ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars, making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) As a result,

B) Previously,

C) However,

D) Likewise,

A) Incorrect – "As a result" suggests cause and effect, which is incorrect here.

B) Correct – "Previously" correctly introduces the historical fact about Kathryn Bigelow winning before Zhao.

C) Incorrect – "However" suggests a contrast that does not exist.

D) Incorrect – "Likewise" suggests similarity, but the sentence refers to a past event, not a similar event.

Upon first approaching artist Kurt Wenner’s Dies Irae, a colorful scene painted on the surface of a cobblestone street in Mantua, Italy, one might assume a deep hole filled with life-sized, classically styled sculptures had opened up in the street. _______ by expertly applying the principles of perspective, Wenner created merely the illusion of depth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Additionally,

B) On the contrary,

C) As a result,

D) Next,

A) Incorrect – “Additionally” adds information rather than indicating a contrast with the initial assumption.

B) Correct – “On the contrary” signals that Wenner’s use of perspective produces an effect that directly contradicts the initial assumption of physical depth, emphasizing that the apparent depth is only an illusion.

C) Incorrect – “As a result” suggests a cause-effect relationship instead of a contrasting idea.

D) Incorrect – “Next” implies a sequential step rather than contrasting the expected reality.

A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly’s abdomen to produce a glow. _______ when the firefly stops drawing in oxygen, the reaction—and the glow—cease.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) For instance,

B) By contrast,

C) Specifically,

D) In conclusion,

A) Incorrect – “For instance” suggests an example, but the sentence contrasts with the previous one rather than exemplifying it.

B) Correct – “By contrast” properly signals a contrast between the process that causes a firefly to glow and the process that makes it stop.

C) Incorrect – “Specifically” suggests further elaboration, but the sentence introduces a contrast instead.

D) Incorrect – “In conclusion” suggests a summary, which does not fit the contrast being made.

Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while mathematicians may have traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite direction. _______ mathematicians are choosing to collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a rise in the number of mathematics publications credited to multiple authors.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) For this reason,

C) Furthermore,

D) Increasingly,

A) Incorrect – "Similarly" suggests comparison, but this sentence presents a trend over time.

B) Incorrect – "For this reason" introduces a cause-and-effect relationship, which is not present.

C) Incorrect – "Furthermore" adds information but does not correctly introduce the ongoing trend.

D) Correct – "Increasingly" correctly reflects a growing trend in mathematics research collaboration.

When, in 2017, Cambridge University students Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided they wanted to develop a musical together, one of their goals was for their female actor friends to have good parts to play. _______ they created the show Six, a retelling of the history of King Henry VIII’s wives in which each of the six queens has a starring role.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In other words,

B) In summary,

C) For example,

D) To that end,

A) Incorrect – “In other words” suggests a restatement, but the sentence is showing an outcome rather than paraphrasing the previous sentence.

B) Incorrect – “In summary” suggests a summary, but the second sentence introduces a result rather than summing up the first sentence.

C) Incorrect – “For example” suggests an example, but the sentence presents the direct result of the students’ goal rather than an illustrative example.

D) Correct – “To that end” appropriately indicates that the creation of Six was a means of achieving the goal stated in the first sentence.

If the formation of Earth’s mantle had been purely a product of core differentiation—whereby heavier elements sink toward the core and lighter elements rise—the upper mantle would be depleted of heavy siderophile elements. Siderophiles are much more abundant in the mantle than predicted in that model, however. _______ extraterrestrial material containing siderophiles, likely from asteroid or comet impacts, almost certainly accreted to Earth following core differentiation.

 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) That said,

B) Hence,

C) For example,

D) Likewise,

A) Incorrect – "That said" introduces a contrast, but this sentence provides a logical explanation instead.

B) Correct – "Hence" signals a logical conclusion, which fits because the presence of siderophiles supports the idea that extraterrestrial material brought them to Earth.

C) Incorrect – "For example" suggests an illustration rather than a conclusion.

D) Incorrect – "Likewise" suggests similarity rather than a causal relationship.

Economist Elinor Ostrom’s studies of communities around the world have empirically demonstrated that common pool resources, such as grazing lands, can be sustainably managed by the people who use them (rather than through private entities or centralized governments). _______ Ostrom’s work is a repudiation of the “tragedy of the commons,” the view that individuals will inevitably overexploit a finite shared resource if given unfettered access to it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) By contrast,

B) For example,

C) That said,

D) As such,

A) Incorrect – “By contrast” implies a difference when the second sentence logically follows from the first by explaining the significance of Ostrom’s findings.

B) Incorrect – “For example” would introduce an illustration rather than conclude with the implication of her work.

C) Incorrect – “That said” implies a caveat or an exception, which does not match the intended summative function.

D) Correct – “As such” effectively signals that Ostrom’s empirical findings directly refute the “tragedy of the commons” perspective by showing that shared resources can be managed sustainably.

Mountain climbing routes that incorporate metal rungs and cables are known as via ferratas, from the Italian phrase for “iron path.” As climbing these routes has shifted from a mode of travel to a sporting activity, modern via ferratas are rarely designed to simply reach a summit. _______ new routes favor recreation over utility, aiming to provide a challenging climb or showcase dramatic scenery.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Additionally,

B) On the other hand,

C) More often,

D) Nonetheless,

A) Incorrect – “Additionally” suggests a new point, but the sentence is reinforcing and elaborating on the previous idea rather than introducing an entirely new one.

B) Incorrect – “On the other hand” signals contrast, but the second sentence supports and expands on the first rather than opposing it.

C) Correct – “More often” effectively conveys that modern via ferratas are usually designed for recreation, reinforcing the idea that they are rarely intended just to reach a summit.

D) Incorrect – “Nonetheless” suggests that the second sentence contradicts the first, but both sentences align with each other.